Infertility and The Male Reproductive System

By Michael Russell



From several reports and studies available, about a third of infertility problems are due to problems with the male reproductive tract, another third due to problems in the female reproductive system, while others are either due to a combined factor or are unexplained.



Unlike the female sex, that has a very complicated reproductive system, the male system is less complicated and most causes of male infertility can be traced to sperm disorders. Several million sperm cells is are released in the male ejaculation (semen) during sexual intercourse. However, out of these millions

deposited into the vagina, only a few hundreds will finally make the journey to the female egg and have a chance of fertilizing it. The number of sperm that make this all-important journey determines to a large extent, a man's chances of getting his partner pregnant. This is because, the more sperm cells that get to the egg, the better the chances of a successful fertilization.



There are several biological reactions that occur at the point of contact between the sperm cell and the egg. The more sperm cells that come close to the egg, the more likelihood that one of them will posses what it takes to cross the 'protective walls' around the egg. There are several factors that determine the success of the male sperm in this respect, these include;  the number of sperm cells released known as 'sperm count', the motility of the sperms, the sperm quality and the shape and size of the sperm cells.



Problemswith any of these factors may cause difficulties with

fertility.  Sperm count, i.e. the number of sperm cells released

in the semen, is a very important factor in male fertility.  A

larger amount of sperm cells is almost always a guarantee that

enough cells would make the journey to the egg and achieve the

needed fertilization. However, what seems to be even more crucial is the vitality and motility of these sperm cells.  A few virile cells reaching the egg would produce a better result than a bunch of abnormal sperm cells. Some men with a low sperm count, but high sperm quality happen to be fertile. The sense here is that, an optimal sperm count with high quality sperm cells is the key to male fertility. 



Problems with any part of the male reproductive tract generally tells on the sperm quality and sperm count. There are several health and environmental issues that affect male fertility.



Age - As with the whole body, a man's reproductive capacity reduces with age and this also affects the sperm quality. It is estimated that as from age 35, the male sperm quality may start

diminishing and this may also affect the sperm count and motility.



Lifestyle Choices - Environment and the lifestyle choices you

make can also have an impact on your fertility. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat from hot baths, steam rooms or wearing tight underwear may affect your fertility. Exposure to toxic

substances like pesticides, radioactivity or electromagnetic

emissions, especially at work may cause sperm abnormalities. It

is always advised that you consult your healthcare provider if

you are concerned about these and other occupational hazards.



The use of drugs such as those for heart diseases and high blood pressure tend to exert adverse effects on male fertility and some cancer treatments, especially when chemotherapy is involved may also contribute to infertility.



Diseases like diabetes, central nervous system problems and most sexually transmitted diseases have been shown to be bad for fertility. Untreated STDs are known to destroy parts of the male reproductive tracts through which sperm is transported.



Alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking have a negative impact on

sperm production and a number of lubricants used during sexual

intercourse, such as vagina creams, have also been shown to have negative effects on male sperm quality.



Outside these environmental and 'self imposed' factors, there are other structural and anatomical factors that may also cause sperm

disorders and fertility problems.



Erectile dysfunction is the inability to get or maintain an erection. It is the commonest anatomical cause of male infertility. Undescended testes, retrograde ejaculation and scrotal varicoele are other structural problems of the male reproductive tract that may affect fertility.



If you have any concern about your reproductive health or you seem to suffer from any of the conditions above, you should talk to your healthcare provider NOW. You stand a better chance if you seek help early enough.

BENEFIT OF LIFE WITHOUT OR WITH TECHNOLOGY

           Technology
has help and makes all things easy, and there is always opposite effect on it.
We are now in artifices intelligence, we life our life easily without no make
power as before. Here are ways that technology has improved the way we live our
lives today and past future.

Communication

 Before the invented of internet; to text or
communicate with friends and family who live far away from us is not easy as
now, then they make use of POST OFFICE and to deliver the message it takes much
time to communicate.  Now days the
society we live now is centered on smart phones, computers, tablets.

Social media, texting, and long-distance phone calls
have allowed us to contact with others from however far away we are from each
other. It take less than a second to communicate with far or nearby relative
through phones, facebook, whatsapp, Google, Gmail, instagram, twitter, yahoo,
etc. in case of emergency or not.

Clock
& calendar

          Before
the invented of clock then, there is a way we check the time and calendar in
Nigeria here, because have not been to other country different from my country.
Then we make use of the moon as calendar, and sun as time, some know what time
say at the wall. Clock and calendar has make things easily.

Cooking
Light

Before the invented of
matches and lighter then, there is a way we light our traditional stove, then
we clashed two stone with dry palm tree bark to light our traditional stove to
cook, but now a days “hot plate, stove,
gas cooker has make it easy to cook”.

Medical
Advancements

         The herb and corconture
is what we make use off and then we lost some people with minor injury and
sickness because there is no way we can know the type of sickness. Technology
in hospitals and medical facilities, patients receive much better care.
Dentists, surgeons, and others in the medical field can make your treatment a
lot easier and more effective. But the past future treatment is still more
effective and it will be more effective if we can make use of the both.

Student
or Learning Life

          Before
the invented of internet, there is nothing like Google, pdf, even note book,
biro, pencil. Ever since the 1990’s, when the internet was invented, we no
longer need encyclopedias or dictionaries to look up information. We make use
of internet through smart phone, computer, and tablet with Google and other
app. Available.  

POISSON DISTRIBUTION USING MOMENT GENERATING FUNCTIONS

Moment generating functions

If X is a random variable, then its moment generating function is

Recall that                                                                                            

Exponential series

Therefore, expectation of X (Ex) =

For poisson

Thanks for reading, for complain or suggestion you can comment
or send me private message.

Email: t_yusuf2011@yahoo.com

What Makes a Normal Distribution Normal?

Good question...

What makes 98.60 degrees normal?

What makes people normal?



Generally, references to a statistical distribution or just a "distribution" mean a "frequency distribution." That is, what is the number of times or the frequency with which each value in the distribution occurs.



As it turns out, a large percent of all frequency distributions meet the same set of criteria. Such distributions are called "normal." A more popular term is "bell curve."



NOTE: "Bell" is not a technical term. However, because the term stuck, for convenience it is used in this series.



These normal types of distributions have many uses in market research and other statistical applications. A lot of statistical theory that applies to market research assumes normal distributions.



Examples of normal distributions in humans include: height; weight; test scores especially for standardized tests such as I.Q.; and various abilities, traits, tastes, and preferences. All assume a large number of people being "measured." One notable exception is income earned, which will be discussed in the next article with distributions that are not normal.



Normal distributions also are common in both nature and business. For example, light bulb packages have information on the number of hours the bulb should last, the watts (energy used), and the lumens (light output).



Each of those numbers is an arithmetic mean of the frequency distribution generated by testing large numbers of light bulbs. Each of those distributions is bell-shaped or normal.



So what are the criteria for a distribution to be normal?



1) The distribution is unimodal (only one most frequently occurring value).

2) The arithmetic mean, the mode, and the median are all the same value. That value is the value representing the highest point on the distribution;

3) The distribution is bi-laterally symmetrical.

BY WHAT?!

Bi-laterally symmetrical means the left half is a mirror image of the right half (unless you're left-handed, then the right half is a mirror image of the left half).

4) One standard deviation--hereafter noted as 1�OE --measured each way from the arithmetic mean (what's referred to as plus or minus one standard deviation or � 1�OE) represents slightly over 68 percent of all the values in the distribution. � 1.96 �OEs represents the middle 95 percent of the values. You can go to readily available tables to see how many standard deviations from the mean are associated with what percent of all the values in the distribution. This percent is often referred to as the "area under the curve." For instance, � 1�OE covers slightly over 68 percent of the area under the curve. The curve is the graphic representation of the frequency distribution.

and

5) There are some other criteria, but the above ones are the main ones (at least for now).



Normal distributions come in various sizes and shapes but all meet the criteria noted above. Some normal distributions look like they are relatively short and spread out; other normal distributions look relatively tall and thin. The largest percent of all normal distributions are in between those more extreme shapes and are the true bell curves.



In market research, you might want to ask consumers how they would rate the service they received. A properly designed survey would gives choices such as "excellent" "good" "fair" "poor" "very poor." A future article will deal with the problems of such surveys. The point here is that the choices have to be symmetrical in terms of balancing the choices around the middle of the distribution. The results should produce a normal distribution. If the results are not "normally distributed" you should be suspicious of the results. Contrary to what many are led to think, not everything is good or excellent.

Career in food and nutrition

Through the study of
food and nutrition so many opportunities are opened to the nutrition for
example, nutrition can be employed in the teaching profession. The major causes
of nutrition is ignorance about the science of mal-nutrition, the only
competent person to impact this knowledge are the mal-nutritionist such person
can be employed in schools where the
subject is though under the umbrella of HOME
ECONOMICS in schools of NURSING AND
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY and the MEDICAL
SCHOOLS.

Nutritionist can also
be employed in the hospitals as dicticious: They will be responsible for the
nutritional counseling of the patients who need dict therapy.

There are many nutritional diseases that need to be
investigated. This is an aspect after referred to as clinical nutrition, and nutritionists
can also be employed in such research area, the problem of food shortage cannot
be4 solved without attention to adequate good storage and processing these
areas comes under food science, food technology, and food engineering.
Nutritionists can also be involved in these areas and another area that can be
explored by the nutritionist is the food service and management.

Through the training undergone nutritionist can set
up catering services and be self employed. This is an area where many
nutritionist can be found, the service of nutritionist are also required in the
rural areas where they assist in enlightening the people working in this
capacity are called community nutrition. They can also be employed as matron in some institution was they
will be responsible for the planning of menus, for the student at higher
institution. Nutritionist can be involved in food research and development
through this they will help in discovery of new methods of utilizing our
various food stuff. Thereby broadening the taste of the people, the various
career opened to the nutritionist are summarized below.

• ·       
  Teaching


• ·       
  Health clinic


• ·       
  Food science


• ·       
  Food technology


• ·       
  Diatotics


• ·       
  Community nutrition


• ·       
  Food resource and development


• ·       
  Catering & services


• ·       
  Matron


• ·       
  Institution